Akhani, H., Edwards, G. & Roalson, E. H. 2007:
Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae
(Chenopodiaceae).). Molecular phylogenic analysis
of nuiclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised
classification. –Int. J. Plant Sci. 168:931-956.
Akhani, H., 2008: Taxonomic revision of the genus
Salicornia L. (Chenopodiaceae) in central and
southern Iran. -Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(4):
1635–1655.
Akhani, H., Barroca, J., Koteeva, N., Voznesenskaya,
E., Franceschi, V., Edwards, G., Ghaffari, S. M. &
Ziegler, H., 2005: Bienertia sinuspersici
(Chenopodiaceae): A new species from Southwest
Asia and discovery of a third terrestrial C4 plant
without Kranz anatomy. -Systematic Botany, 30:
290–301.
Akhani, H. & Ghasemkhani, M., 2007: Diversity of
photosynthetic organs in Chenopodiaceae from
Golestan National Park (NE Iran) based on carbon
isotope composition and anatomy of leaves and
cotyledons. -Nova Hedwigia Beiheft , 131:265–277.
Akhani, H. & Ghorbanli, M., 1993: A contribution to
the halophytic vegetation and flora of Iran. In Lieth,
H. and Al Masoom, A. (eds), Towards the rational
use of high salinity tolerant plants.-Dordrecht,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1: 35–44.
Akhani, H., Trimborn, P. & Ziegler, H., 1997:
Photosynthetic pathways in Chenopodiaceae from
Africa, Asia and Europe with their ecological,
phytogeographical and taxonomical importance. -
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 206: 187–221.
APG II., 2003: An update of the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants. APG II. -Botanical
Journal of the Linnean Society, 141: 399–436.
APG III., 2009: An update of the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants. APG III. -Botanical
Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 105–121.
Assadi, M., 2001: Chenopodiaceae in Assadi, M., (ed).
Flora of Iran no. 38. -Research Institute of Forests
and Rangelands. Tehran, Iran.
Batanouny, K. H., Stichler, W. & Ziegler, H., 1988:
Photosynthetic pathways, distribution and
ecological characteristics of grass species of Egypt.
-Oecologia,75: 539–548.
Bonham-Carter, G., 1994: Geographic information
systems for geoscientists. Modelling with GIS.
Computer Methods in the Geosciences 13. -
Pergamon/Elsevier, London, UK.
Borchers, E., Frey, W. & Hilger, H. H., 1982: C4
species in the highlands of Iran & Afghanistan. -
Notes RBG Edinburgh, 40 (1): 99–113.
Brown, W. V., 1975: Variations in anatomy,
associations, and origins of Kranz tissue. -American
Journal of Botany, 62: 395–402.
Carolin, R. C., Jacobs, S. W. L. & Vesk, M., 1975:
Leaf structure in Chenopodiaceae. –Botanische
Jahrbücher für Systematik, 95:226–255.
Carolin, R. C., Jacobs, S. W. L. & Vesk, M., 1978.
Kranz cells and mesophyll in Chenopodiaceae. -
Australian Journal Plant Physiology, 26: 683–698.
Collins, R. P., Jones, M. B., 1985: The influence of
climate factors on the distribution of C4 species in
Europe. -Vegetatio, 64: 121–129.
Cressie, N. A. C., 1991: Statistics for Spatial Data. -
John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., Heliker, R., 1997:
C4 photosynthesis, atmospheric CO2 and climate. -
Oecologia, 112: 285–299.
Ellis, R. P., Vogel, J. C. & Fuls, A., 1980:
Photosynthetic pathways and geographical
distribution of grasses in South West
Africa/Namibia. -South African Journal of
Sciences, 76: 307–314.
Freitag, H. & Stichler, W. 2002: Bienertia cycloptera
Bunge ex Boiss., Chenopodiaceae, another C4 plant
without Kranz tissues. – Plant Biol. 4: 121-131.
Fuentes-Bazan, S., Uotila, P. & Borsch, T., 2012: A
novel phylogeny-based generic classification for
Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement
of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). –
Willdenowia, 42: 5–24.
Gamaley, Y. V., 1985: The variations of the Kranzanatomy
in Goby and Karakum desert plants. –
Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 70:1302–1314 [in Russian].
Gaston, K. J., 1996: Species richness: measure and
measurement in Gaston, K. J. (ed.). Biodiversity,
abiology of numbers and difference. -Blackwell
Science, London, UK, pp 77–113.
Ghobadnejhad, M., Joharchi, M. R. & Akhani, H. 2004:
275 Distribution of C3 and C4 species in Iran IRAN. J. BOT. 19 (2), 2013
Notes on the flora of Iran 5: Halimocnemis
longifolia (Chenopodiaceae), a new record from
Iran. –Linz. Biol. Beitr. 36: 1309-1316.
Hattersley, P. W., 1983: The distribution of C3 and C4
grasses in Australia in relation to climate. -
Oecologia, 57:113–128.
Hedge, I. C., Akhani, H., Freitag, H., Kothe-Heinrich,
G., Podlech, D., Rilke S. & Uotila P.,
1997: Chenopodiaceae in Rechinger, K. H. (ed.) Flora
Iranica. no. 172. -Graz, Akademsiche Druck- und
Verlagsanstalt.
Hijmans, R. J., Garrett, K. A., Huama´, N. Z., Zhang,
D. P., Schreuder, M. & Bonierbale, M., 2000:
Assessing the geographic representativeness of
genebank collections: the case of Bolivian
wildpotatoes. -Conservation Biology, 14: 1755–
1765.
Hijmans, R. J., Guarino, L., Jarvis, A., O’Brien, R.,
Mathur, P., Bussink, C., Cruz, M., Barrantes, I. &
Rojas, E., 2005: DIVA-GIS version 5.2 Manual.
Accessed at www.diva-gis.org.
Hijmans, R. J. & Spooner, D. M., 2001: Geographic
distribution of wild potato species. –American
Journal of Botany, 88 (11): 2101–2112.
Hobbie, E. A. & Werner, R. A., 2004: Intramolecular,
compound-specific, and bulk carbon isotope
patterns in C3 and C4 plants: a review and synthesis.
-New Phytologist, 161 (2): 371–385.
Kadereit, G., Borsch, T., Weising, K. & Freitag, H.
2003: Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and
Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4
photosynthesis. –Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164: 959-986.
Kadereit, G., Ackerly, D. & Pirie, M. D. 2012: A
broader model for C4 photosynthesis evolution in
plants inferred from the goosefoot family
(Chenopodiaceae s.s.). -Proc. R. Soc. B 279: 3304-
3311.
Mateu, A. I., 1993: Micro-ecology and some related
aspects of C4 plants living in Europe. -
Photosynthetica, 29: 583–594.
Muhaidat, R., Sage, R. W. & Dengler, N. G. 2007:
Diversity of Kranz anatomy and biochemistry in C4
eudicot. –Amer. J. Bot. 94: 362-382.
Mousavi, T. S. & Khosravi, A. R. 2010: Patterns of
distribution in the family Fabaceae (except
Astragalus) in Iran. -Iranian Journal of Botany, 16
(2): 303-313.
Murray-Smith, C., Brummitt, N. A., Oliveira-Filho, A.
T., Bachman, S., Moat, J., Lughadha, E. M. N. &
Lucas, E. J., 2008: Plant Diversity Hotspots in the
Atlantic Coastal Forests of Brazil. -Conservation
Biology, Volume 23, No. 1, 151–163.
Nelson, D. M., Hu, F. S. & Michener, R. H., 2006:
Stablecarbon isotope composition of Poaceae
pollen: an assessment for reconstructing C3 and C4
grass abundance. -The Holocene, pp. 819–825.
Okuda, T. & Furukawa, A., 1990: Occurrence and
distribution of C4 plants in Japan. -Japan Journal of
Ecology, 40: 91–121.
Osmond, C. B., Bjorkman, O. & Anderson, D. J., 1980:
Physiological processs in plant ecology. Toward a
synthesis with Atriplex. -Ecological Studies 36. –
Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Powell, R. L. & Still. C. J., 2009. Biogeography of C3
and C4 vegetation in South America. -Anais XIV
Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto,
Natal, Brasil, INPE, pp. 2935–2942.
Pyankov, V. I., 1991: The origin and evolution of C4
metabolism of the Chenopodiaceae as a result of
global aridization of climate. In Global climatic
changes on photosynthesis and plant productivity,
pp. 711–722. -New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta:
Oxford & IBH.
Pyankov, V. I., Kuz,min, A. N., Demidov, E. D. &
Maslov, A. I.,1992a: Diversity of biochemical
pathways of CO2 fixation in plants of the families
Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae from the arid zones of
Central Asia. -FiziologiyaRastenii, 39: 645–657. (In
Russian, English translation by Plenum Publishing
Corporation).
Pyankov, V. I. & Molotkovskii, Y. I., 1992: Species
composition and ecological role of C4 grasses in the
arid zone of Central Asia. -Soviet Journal of
Ecology, 23: 144–151.
Pyankov, V. I. & Vakhrusheva, D. V., 1989: The
pathways of primary CO2 fixation in
Chenopodiaceae C4 plants of Central Asian arid
zone. -Soviet Journal of Plant Physiology, 36: 178–
187.
Pyankov, V. I., Voznesenskaja, E. V., Kondratschuk,
A. V. & Black, C. C., 1997: A comparative
anatomical and biochemical analysis in Salsola
(Chenopodiaceae) species with and without a Kranz
type leaf anatomy: a possible reversion of C3 to C4
photosynthesis. -American Journal of Botany, 84:
597–606.
Pyankov, V. I., Voznesenskaya, E. V., Kuz’min, A.
N., Ku, M. S. B., Ganko, E., Franceschi, V. R.,
Black, C. C. & Edwards, G. E., 2000b: Occurrence
of C3 and C4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and
leaves of Salsola species (Chenopodiaceae). -
Photosynthesis Research, 63: 69–84.
Pyankov, V. I., Ziegler, H., Akhani, H., Deigele, C. &
Luttge, U., 2010: European plants with C4
photosynthesis: geographical and taxonomic
distribution and relations to climate parameters. -
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: 283–
304.
IRAN. J. BOT. 19 (2), 2013 E. Hatami & A. R. Khosravi 276
Rahiminejad, M. R. & Ghaemmaghami, L. 2005:
Chenopodium chaldoranicum (Chenopodiaceae), a
new species from Iran. – Ann. Bot. Fenninci 42:
469-471.
Rahiminejad, M. R., Ghaemmaghami, L. & Sahebi, J.
2004: Chenopodium pumilio (Chenopodiaceae)
new to the flora of Iran. – Willdenowia 34: 183-
186.
Reddy, S., Davalos, L. M., 2003: Geographical
sampling bias and its implications for conservation
priorities in Africa. -Journal of Biogeography, 30
(11):1719–1727.
Schulze, E. D., Ellis, R., Schulze, W., Trimborn, P. &
Ziegler, H., 1996: Diversity, metabolic types and
δ13C carbon isotope ratios in the grass flora of
Namibia in relation to growth form, precipitation
and habitat correlations. -Oecologia,106: 352–369.
Shomer-Ilan, A. S., Nissenbaum, A. & Waisel, Y.,
1981: Photosynthetic pathways and the ecological
distribution of the Chenopodiaceae in Israel. -
Oecologia , 48: 244–248.
Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila & Thomas Borsch
2012: A novel phylogeny-based generic
classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a
tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae
(Chenopodiaceae).Willdenowia 42 – 2012.
Teeri J. A., Stowe, L. G., 1976: Climatic patterns and
the distribution of C4 grasses in North America. -
Oecologia, 23: 1–12.
Teeri, J. A., Stowe, L. G. & Livingstone D. A., 1980:
The distribution of C4 species of Cyperaceae in
North America. -Oecologia, 47:307–310.
Tieszen, L. L., Reed, B. C., Bliss, N. B., Wylie, B. K.
& Dejong, D. D., 1997: NDVI, C3 and C4
production, and distributions in Great Plains
grassland land cover classes. -Ecological
Applications, 7(1): 59–78.
Ueno, O. & Takeda, T., 1992: Photosynthetic
pathways, ecological characteristics and the
geographical distribution of the Cyperaceae in
Japan. -Oecologia, 89: 195–203.
Wentworth, T. R., 1983: Distribution of C4 plants along
environmental and compositional gradients in
Southeastern Arizona. -Vegetation, 52: 21–34.
Winter, K., 1981: C4 plants of high biomass in arid
regions of Asia. Occurrence of C4 photosynthesis in
Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae from the Middle
East and USSR.-Oecologia (Berlin), 48: 100–106.
Zehtabian, Gh., Ahmadi, H., Khosravi, H. & Rafiei
Emam, A., 2005: The approach of desertification
mapping using MEDALUS methodology in Iran. -
Biaban Journal, 10:51–60.
Zohary, M., 1973: Geobotanical Foundations of the
Middle East. -Stuttgart.