BIODIVERSITY OF DIATOMS IN THE KASHKAN RIVER IN THE ZAGROS MOUNTAINS, WESTERN IRAN

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University, Tehran

3 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Iran is a country that serves as the spot for diverse landscapes and aquatic ecosystems. Zagros Mountains, as one of its main ranges and the important segment of Alpine-Himalayan orogenic system are known as the biodervisity hotspots for plants and animals worldwide. Despite the numerous rivers flowing in the area, little survey has been conducted about the diatom flora of its rivers. Diatoms are the most diverse microalgae that have great contribution to the primary production in the aquatic ecosystems. Due to importance of diatoms in the aquatic ecosystems and the ecological and geological importance of the Zagros in the world, we aim to study the diatom flora in the Kashkan River flowing in the Zagros Mountains. In this research, 48 epipelic and epilithic samples were collected along the Kashkan River in Spring 2019. A total of 91 taxa was identified from which four species were recorded as new for the diatom flora of Iran. Furthermore, identification of 10 taxa are provisional which are designated as cf., when finalized, these may also be recognized as new records. Meanwhile, twenty unidentified taxa which are marked as sp., are potetilly new species, in need of furthere investigations. These novel taxa are highlights and prominence of this study. Our results serves as a baseline for the diatoms biodiversity in the Zagros Mountain.

Keywords

Article Title [Persian]

تنوع زیستی دیاتومه‌های رودخانه کشکان در رشته کوه‌های زاگرس، غرب ایران

Authors [Persian]

  • سمیه صفی‌اله 1
  • سارا سعادتمند 2
  • سمیه خیری 3
  • علیرضا ایرانبخش 1
1 دانشجوی دکترای سیستماتیک گیاهی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
2 گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، تهران
3 استادیارپژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
Abstract [Persian]

ایران به‌عنوان کشوری با تنوع بالای اکوسیستم‌های آبی و خشکی به شمار می‌آید و رشته کوه‌های زاگرس به‌عنوان بخش مهمی از سیستم کوه‌زایی آلپ- هیمالایا هستند که برای گیاهان و جانوران به‌عنوان نقاط داغ تنوع زیستی در سطح جهان شناخته شده‌اند. با وجود رودخانه‌های بسیاری در این ناحیه ، مطالعات کمی در مورد فلور دیاتومه‌های رودخانه‌های آن انجام شده است. دیاتومه‌ها متنوع‌ترین ریزجلبک‌ها هستند که سهم زیادی را در تولید اولیه اکوسیستم‌های آبی دارند. باتوجه به‌اهمیت دیاتومه‌ها در اکوسیستم‌های آبی و اهمیت اکولوژیک و زمین‌شناسی رشته کوه‌های زاگرس در جهان، هدف ما مطالعه فلور دیاتومه‌های رودخانه کشکان واقع در رشته کوه‌های زاگرس می‌باشد.در این مطالعه 48 نمونه اپی‌پل و اپی‌لیت در طول رودخانه کشکان در فصل بهار در سال 1398 جمع‌آوری شد. در مجموع 91 تاکسون شناسایی شد که از میان آنها، چهار گونه به‌عنوان رکورد جدید برای فلور دیاتومه ایران تشخیص داده شدند. شناسایی مقدماتی ده گونه نشان می‌دهد که آنها احتمالا رکوردهای جدیدی برای فلور ایران هستند و به‌صورت cf. در لیست مشخص شده‌اند. هم چنین بیست گونه ناشناخته  که به‌صورت sp. نشان داده شده‌اند، می‌توانند بالقوه گونه‌های جدید باشند. این گزارش‌های جدید اهمیت این مطالعه را دو چندان می‌کند. این پژوهش، اطلاعات پایه در خصوص شناسایی و تنوع دیاتومه‌ها در منطقه زاگرس به شمار می‌آید.

Keywords [Persian]

  • Zagros Mountains
  • Diatom
  • biodiversity
  • Kashkan River
  • Iran

References

Afsharzadeh, S., Nejad Sattari, T., Rahiminejad, M. & Ebrahiminejad, M. 2003: study of Alga flora in Zayandeh Rood River. -Iran. J. Biol. 14 (1): 32- 45.
Aghanabati, A. 2004: Geology of Iran. -GSI publication. Tehran. 606 pp. (in Pesian).
Ahmadi Musaabad, L., Panahy Mirzahasanlou, J., Mahoodlu, M. G. & Bahlakeh, A. 2019: Diatom flora in three Springs of Golestan Province. -J. Phycological. Res. 3 (2): 432-442.
Atazadeh, I., Sharifi, M. & Kelly, M. G. 2007: Evaluation of the trophic diatom index for assessing water quality in River Gharasou, western Iran. -Hydrobiologia. 589: 165-173.
APHA. 2017: Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 23rd edition. -American Public Health Association. Washington DC.
Bey, M. Y. & Ector, L. 2013a: Atlas des diatomées des cours d’eau de la région Rhône-Alpes. Tome 4. Naviculacees: Naviculoidees-Vincennes, France: Agence Française pour la Biodiversité, 200 pp.
Bey, M. Y. & Ector, L. 2013b: Atlas des diatomées des cours d’eau de la région Rhône-Alpes.  Tome 6.
Bacillariacees, Rhopalodiacees, Surirellacees-Vincennes, France: Agence Française pour la Biodiversité. 209 pp.
Cheraghpour, J., Afsharzadeh, S., Sharifi, M., Ramezannejad Ghadi, A. & Masoudi, M. 2013: Phytoplankton diversity assessment of Gandoman wetland. Iran. J. Bot. 19 (2): 153-162.
Compe're, P. 1981: Algues des deserts d’Iran. -Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 51: 3-40.
Cox, E. J. 1996: Identification of freshwater diatoms from live material. -Chapman and Hall-London, 158pp.
Hall, G. B. 1986: Plankton diatom assemblages of the Iowa Lakes Region. PhD Dissertation, Iowa State University. -Ames, Iowa. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8005. Available from: https: //lib. dr. iastate. edu/rtd/8005
Hatzfeld, D., Authemayou, C., Van der Beek, P., Bellier, O., Lave, J., Oveisi, B., Tatar, M., Tavakoli, F., Walpersdorf, F. & Yamani Fard, F. 2010: The Kinematics of the Zagros Mountains (Iran). -Geological Society. London. Special publications. 330: 19- 42.
Hirano, M. 1973: Freshwater Algae from Mesopotamia. Contributions from the biological laboratory. -Kyoto University. 24: 105-119.
Hofmann, G., Werum, M. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 2011: Diatomeen im Süßwasser-Benthos von Mitteleuropa. Bestimmungsflora Kieselalgen für die ökologische Praxis. Über 700 der häufigsten Arten und ihre Ökologie. -Koeltz Scientific Books. Königstein. 908 pp.
Hulburt, E. M., Mahmoodian, F., Russell, M., Firuzeh, S., Lalezary, SH. & Amirhor, P. 1981: Attributes of plankton flora at Buscher, Iran. -Hydrobiologia. 79: 51-63.
Jamalo, F., Nejadsattari, T. & Fallahian, F. 2006: Epilithon Diatoms of Jajrood River. Pajouhesh &Sazandegi Journal. 73: 2-11. (in Pesian).
Kheiri, S., Nejadsattari, T., Asri, Y., Hamdi, S. M. M., Spaulding, S. & Edlund, M. B. 2013. Cyclotella iranica sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Coscinodiscophyceae), a new diatom from the Karaj River, Iran. -Phytotaxa. 104 (1): 35-43.
Kheiri, S.,  Solak, C. M., Edlund, M. B., Spaulding, S., Nejadsattari, T., Asri, Y. & Hamdi, S. M. M. 2018a: Biodiversity of diatoms in the Karaj River in the central Alborz, Iran. -Diatom. Res. 33 (3): 355-380.
Kheiri, S.,  Tavakoli, M., Oraghi Ardebili, Z. 2018b: Diatom flora of Marbareh River, Dez catchment, Lorestan, Iran. J. Plant. Res. (Iran. J. . Biol. ). 31 (3): 516-528. (in Persian).
Kheiri, S. 2019: Diatom Diversity in the Spring and Spring-fed River of Tizab Region (Central Alborz), Iran. -J. Phycological. Res. 3 (2): 395-407.
Kiani, M., Mohammadi, Sh., Babaei, A., Sefidkon, F.,Naghavi, M. R., Saeidi, K., Jafari, H., Asghari, D. & Potter, D. 2017: Iran support a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review. -Plant. Divers. 39 (5): 245-262.
Kilroy, C., Biggs, B., & Vyverman, W. 2007: Rules for Macroorganisms Applied to Microorganisms: Patterns of Endemism in Benthic Freshwater Diatoms. -Oikos, 116 (4): 550-564
Kocioleck, J. P. 2018: A worldwide listing and biogeography of freshwater diatom genera: a phylogenetic perspective. -Diatom. Res. 33 (4): 509-534.
Krammer, K. 1997a: Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen. Eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa. Teil 1: Allgemeines und Encyonema Part. Vol. 36. -Bibliotheca Diatomologica. 382 pp.
Krammer, K. 1997b: Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen. Eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa. Teil 2: Encyonema Part, Encyonopsis und Cymbellopsis. Vol. 37. -Bibliotheca Diatomologica. 469 pp.
Krammer, K. 2002: Cymbella In: Diatoms of Europe, diatoms of the European inland waters and comparable habitants (Ed. by H. Lange-Bertalot) Vol. 3. -A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K. G. Ruggell. 584 pp.
-& Lange-Bertalot, H. 1988: Bacillariophyceae, 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. In: Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa (Ed. by H. Ettl,J. Gerloff, H. Heynıg, D. Mollenhauer), Vol. 2/2. -G. Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart & New York. 596 pp.
- & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1991a: Bacillariophyceae, 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In: Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa (Ed. by H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynıg, D. Mollenhauer), Vol. 2/3. -G. Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart & New York. 576 pp.
-& Lange-Bertalot, H. 1991b: Bacillariophyceae, 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae. Kritische Erganzungenzu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema, Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis. In: Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa (Ed. by H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, D. Mollenhauer). Vol. 2/4. -G. Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart & New York. 437 pp.
-& Lange-Bertalot, H. 1986: Bacillariophyceae, 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. In: H. Ettl, J. Gerloff H. Heynıg D. Mollenhaues (eds). Suswasserflora von Mitteleuropa Vol. 2/1. -Fischer Verlag. Stutgart and New York. 876pp.
Lamparelli, M. C. 2004: Trophic Status in São Paulo State water bodies, evaluation of monitoring methodologies. São Paulo (BR). PhD Thesis. -Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo.
Lange-Bertalot, H. 2001: The genus Navicula sensu stricto: 10 genera separated from Navicula sensu lato Frustulia. In: Diatoms of Europe (Ed. by H. Lange-Bertalot) Vol. 2. -A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K. G., Ruggell. 526 pp.
- & Krammer, K. 1989: Achnanthes Eine Monographie der Gattung. Vol. 18. - Bibliotheca Diatomologica. 393 pp.
Levkov, Z. 2009: Amphora sensu lato. In: H. Lange-Bertalot (ed. ). Diatoms of Europe. Vol: 5-ARG. Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell. 916pp.
Linnaei, C. 1758: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, Ordines, genera, Species cum characteribus, differentiis, Synonymis, locis. Tomas I. Editiodecima, re formata Laurentii Salvii. -Holmiae. 823 pp.
 Liu, B., Williams, D., Liu, O. & Yang, X. 2019: Three species of Ulnaria (Bacillariophyceae) from China, with reference to the valve central area and apices. -Diatom. Res. 34 (1): 49-65.
Loffler, H. 1956: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Iranischen Binnengewässer. I. Der Niriz-See und sein Einzugsgebiet. -Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie. 44: 227-276.
Lowe, R. L. 1974: Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of freshwater diatoms. -Bowling Green State University.
Massaro, L., Corradetti, A., Tramparulo, F. A., Vitale, F., Prinzi, E. P., Iannace, A., Parente, M., Invernizzi, Ch., Morsalnejad, D. & Mazzoli, S. 2019: Discrete Fracture Network Modelling in Triassic-Jurassic Carbonates of NW Lurestan, Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran. - Geosci. 9 (496): 1-24.
Moghadam, F. 1975: Diatoms as indicator of pollution in Zayandeh River, Iran. -Proceedings of Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia 127: 281-297.
Mohajjel, M. & Fergusson, D. 2014: Jurassic to Cenozoic tectonics of the Zagros orogen in north western Iran. - Int. Geol. Rev. 56 (3): 263-287.
Mohebbi, F., Riahi, H., Sheidaei, M. & Shariatmadari, Z. 2016: Phytoplankton of Aras dam reservoir (Iran): an attempt to assess water quality. -Iran. J. Fish. Sci. . 15 (4) 1318-1336.
Morales, E. A. & Vis, M. L. 2007: Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from cloud forest and alpine streams in Bolivia, South America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 156: 123-155.
Mostafaei, A. 2014: Spatial and Temporal Evaluation of water quality in the Kashkan River. J. Water. Sci. Res. 6 (1): 43-58.
Negaresh, H., Tvousi, T. & Mehdi Nasab, M. 2011. Scrutiny flooding Severity of Kashkan river basin. J. Phys. Geogr. 4 (13): 49-58. (in Persian).
Nejadsattari, T. 2005a: Diatom flora of Lake Neure, Iran. Diatom. Res. 20: 313-333.
Nejadsattari, T., Noroozi, M. & Fallahi, M. 2005b: The composition and seasonal distribution of epiphytic algae in Anzali lagoon, Iran. -Cryptogam. Algol. 26 (4): 378- 398.
Nogole-Sadat, M . A. A. & Almasian, M. 1993: Tectonic Map of Iran, Scal 1: 1000000. -Geological Survey of Iran.
Noroozi, J., Talebi, A., Doost mohammadi, M., Runof, S. B., Linder, P. H. & Schneweiss, G. 2018: Hotspot within a global biodiversity hotspot-areas of endemism are associated with high montain ranges. -Sci. Rep. 8 (1): 1-10.
-& Talebi, A., Doostmohammadi, M., Asgharpoor, Z. & Schnceweiss, G. M. 2019a: Endemic diversity and distribution of the Iranian vascular flora across phytogegraphyical regions. Biodiversity hotspots and areas of endemism. . -Sci. Rep. 9 (1): 1-12.
-& J. Zare, G., Sherafati, M., Moser, D., Asgharpoor, Z. & Schnceweiss, G. M. 2019b: Pattern of endemism in Turkey. The meeting point of three global biodiversity hotspots, based on three divers families of vascular plants. -Front. Ecol. Environ. 7 (159): 1-12.
OECD, 1984: Eutrophication of water, monitoring, assessment and control. -Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Paris, France. 154pp.
Panahy-Mirzahasanlou, J., Nejadsattari, T., Ramezanpour, Z. Imanpour, N. J. & Asri, Y. 2018: The epilithic and epipelic diatom flora of the Balikhli River, northwest Iran. -Turk. J. Bot. 42: 518-532.
Patrick, R. & Reimer, C. W. 1966: The Diatoms of United States. -Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia. 688pp.
Potapova, G. M. & ponder, K. C. 2004: Two common North American diatoms. Achnanthidium rivular sp. nov. and A. deflexum (Reimer) Kingston: morphology, ecology and comparison with related species. -Diatom. Res. 19 (1): 33-57.
Pourgholam, R., Tahami, F. S. & Keihan-Sani, A. R. 2014: Seasonal variation of phytoplankton in the southern Caspian Sea (during 2010-2011). -J. Anim. Res. (Iran. J. Biol). 27: 307-318. (in Persian).
Rabenhorst, G. L. 1853. Die Süsswasser-Diatomaceen (Bacillarien). Für Freunde der Mikroskopie. -Leipzig. 72pp.
Ramachandra, T. V., Subash Chandran, M. D., Joshi, N. V., Karthick, B. & Mukri, V. D. 2015: Ecohydrology of Lotic Systems in Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats, India. In: Ramkumar M., Kumaraswamy K., Mohanraj R. (eds) Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems. -Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Cham. pp: 621-665
Reichardt, E. 1999: Zur Revision der Gattung Gomphonema. Die Arten um G. affine/insigne, G. angustatum/micropus, G. acuminatum sowie gomphonemoide Diatomeen aus dem Oberoligozän in Böhmen. Vol. 8. - Iconogr. Diatomol. 203pp.
- & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1991: Taxonomische Revision des Artencomplexes um Gomphonema angustum-G. dichotomum-G. intricatum-G. vibrio und ahnliche Taxa (Bacillariophyceae).-Nova Hedwigia. 53(3-4): 519-544.
Rott, E., Hofmann, G., Pall, K., Pfister, P. & Pipp, E. 1997: Indikationslisten für Auf- wuchsalgen. Teil 1: Saprobielle Indikation. -Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirt schaft. Wasserwirtschaftskataster,Wien. 73 pp.
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. 2012: NIH Image to Image J: 25 years of image analysis. -Nat. Methods. 9 (7): 671-675.
Shayan, N. & Dehestani, H. 2013: Calculations of Geometric Parameters and Investigations of its Geomorphological Changes Pattern in Kashkan River. -Environ. Erosion. Res. J. 2 (4): 21-34. (in Persian).
Soltanpour-Gargari, A., Lodenius, M. & Hinz, F. 2011: Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from streams in Ramsar, Iran. -Acta. Bot. Croat. 70 (2): 167-190.
Stoklin, J. & Nabavi, M. H. 1973: Tectonic map of Iran 1: 2500000. -Geological Survey of Iran.
Snyder, J. A., Wasylik, K., Fritz, S. C. & Wright, H. E. 2001: Diatom-based conductivity reconstruction and palaeoclimatic interpretation of a 40-ka record from Lake Zeribar, Iran. -The Holocene 11 (6): 737-745.
Taylor, J. C., Harding, W. R., Archibald, C. G. M. 2007: A methods manual for the collection, preparation and analysis of diatom samples. Version 1. Report to the Water Research Commission. WRC Report TT 281/07. -South Africa.
Van Dam, H., Mertens, A. & Sinkeldam, J. 1994: A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from Netherlands . -Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 28: 117-133.
Vanormelingen, P., Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. 2008: The diversity and distribution of diatoms: from cosmopolitanism to narrow endemism. -Biodivers. Conserv. 17: 393-405.
Vanormelingen P., Verleyen E. & Vyverman W. 2007: The diversity and distribution of diatoms: from cosmopolitanism to narrow endemism. In: Foissner W., Hawksworth D. L. (eds) Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 8. -Springer, Dordrecht.
Venkatachalapathy, R. & Karthikeyan, P. 2015: Diatom Indices and Water Quality Index of the Cauvery River, India: Implications on the Suitability of Bio-Indicators for Environmental Impact Assessment. (Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems). Springer Earth System Sciences. 707-727
Wasylik, K. 1975: Notes on the freshwater algae of Iran. -Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 21 (3): 369-396.
Witkowski, A., Wasylikowa, k., Lange-Bertaloth, H. & BAK, M. 2007: Diatom paleolimnology of Lake Zeribar, Iran, in the late Pleistocene and Holocene. In: The palaeoe cology of Lake Zeribar and surrounding areas western Iran, during the last 48000 years. (Ed. by K. WASYLIKOWA and A.
WITKOWSKI) Diatom Monographs. Vol. 8. -ARG Gantner Verlag K. G, Ruggell. 187-235 pp.
Yusefi-Yeganeh, B., Feiznia, S. & Abbassi, N. 2011: Sedimentary Facies, Architectual Elements and Trace Fossils of Kashkan Formation, Folded Zagros Zone in AW Iran. -J. Sci. Islam. Repub. Iran. 22 (3): 239-255.
Zhang, Y., Tao, J., Wang, J., Ding, L., Ding, C., Li, Y., Zhou, Q., Li, D. & Zhang, H. 2019: Trends in Diatom Research Since 1991 Based on Topic Modeling. -Microorganism. 7 (8): 1-13.
Zarei-Darki, B. 2011a: Species composition and ecology of the diatoms in the Gavkkhuni Wetland (Iran). -Bulletin of Kharkiv National Agricultural University. Biology Series: . 1 (22): 110-117.
Zarei-Darki, B. 2011b: Algae of aquatic ecosystems of Iran. -Payame-Alavi. Negar Isfahan. 323 pp. (in Persian).
Zarei-Darki, B. 2009a: Algal flora of rivers in Iran. -Int. J. Algae. 11 (3): 310-320.
Zarei-Darki, B. 2009b: Marine Species in the Algal Flora of the Anzali Swamp (Iran). -Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 35 (3): 200-205.
Ziaie, H. 1996: A field Guide to the mammals of Iran. -Department of Environment, Tehran. 299pp. (in Persian).
The Iranian Journal of Botany
Volume 26, Issue 2 - Serial Number 52
December 2020
Pages 141-161

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 31 August 2020
  • Revise Date: 07 November 2020
  • Accept Date: 30 November 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics