GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF PLANTAGO MAJOR (PLANTAGINACEAE) IN IRAN

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran.

3 Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.

Abstract

Once only limited to Eurasia, the worldwide distributed Plantago major L. is now considered as invasive. Its significant distributional range in Iran requires molecular scientific efforts to reliably elucidate its genetic diversity and population structure. Therefore, analysis of genetic diversity of 17 different populations of P. major by ISSR markers was carried out and revealed the presence of a relatively high genetic diversity, in which, means of genetic diversity statistics for populations including number of different alleles (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I) and Nei gene diversity (H) were 1.12, 1.32, 0.271 and 0.184, respectively. Population of Damavand had the maximum Na (1.51) while population from Meshkinshahr indicated superior values for Ne (1.466), I (0.386), H (0.262), and UHe (0.291). Analyzing the genetic diversity distribution by AMOVA exhibited that a major portion of total genetic diversity is within-population (77%), and less among-populations (19%) and among-regions (4%). Neighbor Joining trees display gene flow/shared alleles among studied populations. Populations genetic stratification showed a mixture of two groups with different dominance from northwest to the northeast of Iran. Assessing the genetic structure indicated existence of a relatively strong genetic structure among populations. Mating system, invasiveness characters and seed dispersal are suggested to be effective factors for a high rate of gene flow and simultaneous presence of genetic differentiation among populations of P. major in Iran.

Keywords


Article Title [Persian]

تنوع ژنتیکی و ساختار جمعیتی بارهنگ Plantago major L. در ایران (پلانتاجیناسه)

Authors [Persian]

  • مهناز کیوانی 1
  • ایرج مهرگان 2
  • دیرک کارل آلباخ 3
1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 گروه زیست شناسی- دانشکده علوم پایه- دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران- ایران
3 استاد گروه تنوع و تکامل گیاهی، مؤسسه علوم زیستی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اُلدنبرگ، اُلدنبرگ، آلمان
Abstract [Persian]

بارهنگ کبیر (Plantago major L.) که زمانی محدود به اوراسیا بود، امروزه گستردگی زیادی در دنیا دارد و به عنوان گیاهی مهاجم شناخته می‌شود. با توجه به دامنه پراکنش وسیع بارهنگ کبیر در ایران، تلاش‌های علمی مولکولی در راستای روشن ساختن تنوع ژنتیکی و ساختار جمعیتی آن به شدت مورد نیاز است. بر همین اساس، بررسی تنوع ژنتکی 17 جمعیت مختلف P. major  با مارکرهای ISSR انجام گرفت که سطح بالایی از تنوع ژنتیکی را آشکار نمود و میانگین پارامترهای تنوع ژنتیکی برای جمعیت‌ها شامل تعداد آلل‌های مختلف (Na)، تعداد آلل‌های مؤثر (Ne)، ضریب شاخص شانون(I) و ضریب تنوع نی (H) به ترتیب 12/1، 32/1، 271/0 و 184/0 بودند. جمعیت دماوند از بیشترین مقدار Na (51/1) برخوردار بود، در حالیکه جمعیت مشکین‌شهر مقادیر برتری را برای Ne (466/1)، I (386/0) و H (262/0) را دارا بود. بررسی توزیع تنوع ژنتیکی با AMOVA نشان داد که نسبت عمده‌ای از کل تنوع ژنتیکی به‌صورت درون جمعیتی (77%) بوده و به مقدار کمتری بین جمعیتی (19%) و بین منطقه‌ای (4%) می‌باشد. طبقه‌بندی ژنتیکی جمعیتی مخلوطی از دو گروه با غالبیت مختلف از شمال‌غربی تا شرق و جنوب ایران را نشان داد. تنوع در سیستم تولید مثل، ویژگی‌های مهاجم بودن و پراکنش بذر به‌عنوان فاکتورهای مؤثری برای نرخ بالای جریان ژنی و وجود همزمان نشانه‌هایی از تمایز ژنتیکی بین جمعیت‌های مختلف P. major  پیشنهاد گردیده‌اند.

Keywords [Persian]

  • Plantago
  • gene flow
  • molecular markers
  • population
  • genetic diversity
  • Iran
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