تنوع‌ فلوریستیکی آلپی کوهستان توچال

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

بخش تحقیقات گیاهشناسی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در دهه‌های اخیر تغییرات اقلیمی و اثرات مخرب انسانی باعث شده است که گونه‌های گیاهی به‌ویژه گیاهان آلپی، نیمه‌آلپی، اندمیک و نادر در معرض خطر انقراض قرار گیرند. از این رو، بررسی رویشگاه‌های این گونه‌ها و پایش مستمر آنها به‌منظور پیش‌گیری از فرسایش ژنتیکی و انقراض آن‌ها بسیار ضروری است. در مطالعه حاضر فلور آلپی کوهستان توچال مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. براساس جمع‌آوری گیاهان طی سال‌های 1402-1401، تعداد 225 تاکسون تشخیص داده شد که به 132 جنس و 34 تیره تعلق دارند. تیره‌های Asteraceae (3/17 %)، Fabaceae و Poaceae (هر یک با 2/10 %)، Brassicaceae (5/8 %)، Caryophyllaceae (1/7 %) و Lamiaceae (2/6 %) سهم بیشتری را در فلور منطقه داشتند. در میان گیاهان این کوهستان، همی‌کریپتوفیت‌ها، کریپتوفیت‌ها و کامفیت‌ها به‌ترتیب با 4/44، 4/24 و 6/19 درصد، فراوان‌ترین شکل‌های زیستی منطقه بودند. پراکنش 187 گونه (1/83 %) به ناحیه رویشی ایران – تورانی منحصر می‌گردد که از این تعداد 51 گونه اندمیک ایران و 17 گونه ‌اندمیک منطقه‌ای هستند. چرای مفرط دام، احداث مسیرهای تله‌کابین، تله‌اسکی، هتل توچال و مناطق اقامتی، پناهگاه‌ها و مسیرهای مختلف کوهنوردی، و به‌ویژه خشکسالی، ضربات جبران‌ناپذیری را بر پوشش‌گیاهی و تنوع گونه‌ای کوهستان توچال وارد نموده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Ahmad, R., Islam, T., Khuroo, A.A., Bhatnagar, Y.V. & Rawat, G.S. 2024: A floristic checklist of Kazinag National Park, Kashmir Himalaya. -Discover Plants, 1:64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-024-00062-7
Akhani, H., Mahdavi, P., Noroozi, J. & Zarrinpour, V. 2013: Vegetation patterns of the Irano-Turanian steppe along a 3000 m altitudinal gradient in the Alborz Mountains of Northern Iran. -Folia Geobotanica, 48(2): 229–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-012-9147-8
Akhavan Roofigar, A., Amini Rad, M. & Bagheri, A. 2024: Alpine and sub-alpine floristic survey of Hashtad Mountain (Central Zagros), Iran. -The Iranian Journal of Botany, 30(2): 109–126. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijb.2024.366109.1473
Amagai, Y., Kudo, G. & Sato, K. 2018: Changes in alpine plant communities under climate change: Dynamics of snow-meadow vegetation in northern Japan over the last 40 years. -Applied Vegetation Science, 21(4): 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12387
Archibold, O.W. 1995: Ecology of World Vegetation. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 510 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0009-0
Asri, Y. 2024: Defining the conservation status of the plant species and ecosystems of Semnan province. Scientific Report. Tehran, Iran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 520 pp. (In Persian). National Project Name: Defining the conservation status of the plant species and ecosystems of Iran and publishing the red list of Iranian plants, Code: 0-09-09-035-951055, Project managers: Jalili, A. & Jamzad, Z.
Asri, Y., Hasanvand, M. & Mehrnia, M. 2016: A floristic study in Chal-e Kabod Mountain of Alashtar, Lurestan province. -Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 8(29): 51–68. https://doi.org/10.22108/tbj. 2016.21537
Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A.A., Khatamsaz, M. & Mozaffarian, V. (Eds.). 1988-2024: Flora of Iran, Nos. 1-184. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Baloyan, S. 2005: Alpine plant cover of Armenia. Yerevan, 200 pp. (In Armenian)
Bear, Z., Hill, W. & Pickering, C. 2006: Distribution and diversity of exotic plant species in montane to alpine areas of Kosciuszko National Park. -Cunninghamia, 9(4): 559–570. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/ 14448
Bisht, M., Chandra Sekar, K., Mukherjee, S., Thapliyal, N., Bahukhandi, A., Singh, D., Bhojak, P., Mehta, P., Upadhyay, S. & Dey, D. 2022: Influence of anthropogenic pressure on the plant species richness and diversity along the elevation gradients of Indian Himalayan high-altitude protected areas. -Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 751989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.751989
Breckle, S.-W. & Rafiqpoor, M.D. 2020: The Hindu Kush/Afghanistan. In: Noroozi, J. (Ed.). Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia, Chapter 2. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 43–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4-2 
Brianskaia, E., Sandanov, D., Li, Y. & Wang, Z. 2021: Distribution of alpine endemic plants of northern Asia: a dataset. -Biodiversity Data Journal, 9: e75348. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75348
Dainese, M., Crepaz, H., Bottarin, R., Fontana, V., Guariento, E., Hilpold, A., Obojes, N., Paniccia, C., Scotti, A., Seeber, J., Steinwandter, M., Tappeiner, U. & Niedrist, G. 2024: Global change experiments in mountain ecosystems: A systematic review. -Ecological Monographs, 94(4): e1632. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-14894
Dinarvand, M., Amini Rad, M. & Asri, Y. 2025: Alpine and subalpine floristic survey of Keyno Mountain, southwest Iran (Khuzestan province). -The Iranian Journal of Botany, 31(1): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijb.2025.369071.1517
Ebrahimnezhad, N. 2014: A mini review: biodiversity, life form and vegetation of flora in the Alpine zone. -Journal of Biodiversity & Environental Sciences, 5(1): 526–531. https://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/JBES-V5-No1-p526-531.pdf
Fan, Z.-X., Bräuning, A., Thomas, A., Li, J.-B. & Cao, K.-F. 2011: Spatial and temporal temperature trends on the Yunnan Plateau (Southwest China) during 1961-2004. International Journal of Climatology, 31(14): 2078–2090. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2214
GBIF. 2026: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/ (Retrieved 21 February 2026)
Ghelichnia, H. 2014: Flora and vegetation of Mt Damavand in Iran. -Phytologia Balcanica, 20(2-3): 257–265. http://www.bio.bas.bg/~phytolbalcan/PDF/20_2-3/20_2-3_14_Ghelichnia.pdf
Grabherr, G., Gottfried, M. & Pauli, H. 2010: Climate change impacts in alpine environments. -Geography Compass, 4(8): 1133–1153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00356.x
Gulzar, A., Hamid, M., Dar, F.A., Wani, S.A., Malik, A.H., Kamili, A.N., Singh, C.P. & Khuroo, A.A. 2022: Patterns of floristic and functional diversity in two treeline ecotone sites of Kashmir Himalaya. -Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(6): 420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10044-5
Hassler, M. 1994-2026: World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 26.02; Available from: https://www.worldplants.de/ (Retrieved 20 February 2026)
Hüseyinoğlu, R., Yalçın, E. & Macar, O. 2017: Flora of alpine grasslands of the Eğribel pass in the Giresun mountains (Turkey). -Biological Diversity and
Ibadullayeva, S.J. & Yusifov, E.F. 2022: Diversity, taxonomic structure of subalpine and alpine vegetation of Caucasus (Azerbaijan and border countries). -Plant & Fungal Research, 5(1): 2–11. https://doi.org/10.30546/2664-5297.2022.1.2
Islam, T., Khuroo, A.A. & Nawchoo, I.A. 2023: An annotated checklist of flora of Overa-Aru wildlife sanctuary, Kashmir Himalaya. -Phytotaxa, 599(1): 20–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/PHYTOTAXA. 599.1.2
IUCN. 2024: Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 16. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee, 122 pp. Downloadable from https://www.iucnredlist.org/
Javid, M., Ahmad, K. & Ilyas, O. 2024: Assessing the Impact of Grazing on Vegetation in Alpine Pastures of the Kashmir Himalayas. In: Cano Carmona E, Cano Ortiz A (Eds.). Scrub Vegetation as Dynamic States of Forests - Methodologies for Learning and Research, Chapter 5. London, UK: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.115073
Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Carlón, L., Fernández-Pascual, E., Acedo, C., Alfaro-Saiz, E., Alonso Redondo, R., Cires, E., del Egido Mazuelas, F, del Río, S., Díaz-González, T.E., García-González, M.E., Lence, C., Llamas, F., Nava, H., Penas, A., Rodríguez Guitián, M.A. & M. Vázquez, V. 2021: Checklist of the vascular plants of the Cantabrian Mountains. -Mediterranean Botany, 42, e74570. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.74570
Karakaya, H. & Kilinç, M. 1996: The flora of the subalpine and alpine region of the Çambasi High Plateau (Ordu) and its vicinity. -Turkish Journal of Botany, 20(1): 65–74. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/vol20/iss1/10/ 
Kavousi, K., Nejadsattari, T., Asri, Y., Ejtehadi, H. & Khavari-Nejad, R. 2016: Floristic changes at Khersan glacier territory, Alamkuh Mountain, Central Alborz, North of Iran. -Biodiversitas, 17(1): 11–15. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170102
Khan, S.M., Harper, D.M., Page, S. & Ahmad, H. 2011: Species and community diversity of vascular flora along environmental gradient in Naran Valley: A multivariate approach through indicator species analysis. -Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(5): 2337–2346.
Kim, J.-S., Kim, J.-H., Hyun, J.-O., Jang, C.-G., Choi, H.-J., Lee, J.-H., Gwon, J.-H., Son, S.-W., So, S.-K., Kim, J.-W., Park, H.-C. & Myeong, H.-H. 2025: A checklist of alpine and subalpine plants in the Korean Peninsula. -Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 18(4): 944–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb. 2025.06.010
Klein, J.C. 1982: Les groupements chionophiles de l'Alborz central (Iran), Comparison avec leurs homologues d'Asie centrale. -Phytocoenologia, 10: 463–486. (In French). https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/10/1982/463
Klein, J.C. 1984: Les groupements végétaux d'altitude de l'Alborz central (Iran), Écologie des milieux montagnards et de haute altitude. -Documents d'Écologie Pyrénéenne, 3–5: 199–204. (In French)
Klein, J.C. 1987: Les pelouses xérophiles d'altitude du flanc sud de l'Alborz central (Iran). -Phytocoenologia, 15(2): 253–280. (In French). https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/15/1987/253
Klein, J.C. 1991: Endémisme à l’étage alpin de l’Alborz (Iran). Flora et Vegetatio Mundi 9: 247–261. (In French)
Klein, J.C. & Lacoste, A. 1989: Les chênaies à Quercus macranthera F. et M. dans le massif de l'Alborz (Iran) et les chaînes limitrophes (grand et petit Caucase). -Ecologia Mediterranea, 15(3–4): 65–93. (In French). https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.1989.1642
Klein, J.C. & Lacoste, A. 1994:  Les pelouses subalpines (Alchemilletum plicatissimae ass. nov.) de l'Alborz central (Iran): ultime avancée sud-orientale de l’aire des Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943. –Phytocoenologia, 24(1–4): 401–421. (in French). https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/24/1994/401
Klein, J.C. & Lacoste, A. 1999: Observation sur la végétation des éboulis dans les massifs iranotouraniens: le Galietum aucheri ass. nov. de l'Alborz central (N-Iran). -Documents Phytosociologiques, 19: 219–228. (In French)
Kong, W.-S. 2002: Species composition and distribution of Korean alpine plants. Journal of the Geographical Society 37: 357–370.
Körner, C. 1995: Alpine Plant Diversity: A Global Survey and Functional Interpretations. In: Chapin, F.S. & Körner, C. (Eds.). Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences. Ecological Studies, Vol. 113. Springer, Berlin: Heidelberg, pp. 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78966-3_4
Körner, C. 2021: Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. 4th ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 500 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59538-8
Mahdavi, P., Akhani, H. & Van der Maarel, E. 2013: Species Diversity and life-form patterns in steppe vegetation along a 3000 m altitudinal gradient in the Alborz Mountains, Iran. -Folia Geobotanica, 48(1): 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-012-9133-1
Mahmoudi, M. 2024: Defining the conservation status of the plant species and ecosystems of west regions of Tehran. Scientific Report. Tehran, Iran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands: 250 pp. (In Persian). National Project Name: Defining the conservation status of the plant species and ecosystems of Iran and publishing the red list of Iranian plants, Code: 0-09-09-035-951055, Project managers: Jalili, A. & Jamzad, Z.
Majumdar, D. 2018: Performance Enhancement Through Physical Activity at High Altitudes. In: Misra, K., Sharma, P. & Bhardwaj, A. (Eds.). Management of High-Altitude Pathophysiology, Chapter 14. New York, USA: Academic Press, pp. 279–306.
Malekpourzadeh, L., Ghahremaninejad, F. & Mir Tadzadini, S.M. 2024: Floristic study and conservation status of Takhte-Sartashtak Tourist area in Kerman, Iran. -Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 15(57): 91–106. https://doi.org/10.22108/tbj.2024.141181.1256
Mehrnia, M., Asri, Y. & Hosseini, Z. 2020: A floristic study of the western part of Oshtrankooh region in Lorestan province. -Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 12(45): 71–112. (In Persian). https://doi.org/ 10.22108/tbj.2021.126441.1144
Mehta, P., Bisht, K., Sekar, K.C. & Tewari, A. 2023: Mapping biodiversity conservation priorities for threatened plants of the Indian Himalayan Region. -Biodiversity and Conservation, 32: 2263–2299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02604-z
Mondoni, A., Probert, R.J., Rossi, G., Vegini, E. & Hay, F.R. 2011: Seeds of alpine plants are short lived: implications for long-term conservation. -Annals of Botany, 107(1): 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/ aob/mcq222
Moradi, H. & Attar, F. 2019: Comparative study of floristic diversity along altitude in the northern slope of the central Alborz Mountains, Iran. -Biodiversitas, 20(1): 305–312. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/ d200135
Müller, J., Berg, C., Détraz-Méroz, J., Erschbamer, B., Fort, N., Lambelet, C., Margreiter, V., Mombrial, F., Mondoni, A., Pagitz, K., Porro, F., Rossi, G., Schwager, P. & Breman, E. 2017: The Alpine Seed Conservation and Research Network - a new initiative to conserve valuable plant species in the European Alps. -Journal of Mountain Science, 14(4): 806–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4313-8
Naderi, R., Rahiminejad, M.R., Eslami, B. & Afsharzadeh, S. 2012: Flora and vegetation of Golestanak (Alborz Mts), Iran. -Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1): 59–68. https://www.academia.edu/104341967
Nagy, L. & Grabherr. G. 2009: The Biology of Alpine Habitats. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 390 pp. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567035.001. 0001
Nakamura, Y. & Krestov, P.V. 2012: Alpine belts and differentiation of alpine vegetation in Japan. -Berichte der Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft, 24: 207–218. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Ber-Reinh-Tuexen-Ges_24_0207-0218.pdf
Nakhutsrishvili, G., Batsatsashvili, K., Bussmann, R.W., Ur Rahman, I., Hart, R.E. & Haq, S.M. 2022: The subalpine and alpine vegetation of the Georgian Caucasus - a first ethnobotanical and phytosociological synopsis. -Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 23: 1–60. https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/3509
Noroozi, J., Akhani, H. & Breckle, S.-W. 2008: Biodiversity and phytogeography of the alpine flora of Iran. -Biodivers and Conservation, 17(3): 493–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9246-7
Noroozi, J., Akhani, H. & Willner, W. 2010: Phytosociological and ecological study of the high alpine vegetation of Tuchal Mountains (Central Alborz, Iran). -Phytocoenologia, 40(4): 293-321. https://doi.org/10.1127/0340-269X/2010/0040-0478
Noroozi, J., Hülber, K. & Willner, W. 2017: Phytosociological and ecological description of the high alpine vegetation of NW Iran. -Phytocoenologia, 47(3): 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0108
Noroozi, J., Talebi, A., Doostmohammadi, M., Manafzadeh, S., Asgarpour, Z. & Schneeweiss, G.M. 2019: Endemic diversity and distribution of the Iranian vascular flora across phytogeographical regions, biodiversity hotspots and areas of endemism. -Scientific Reports, 9(1): 12991. https://doi.org/10.1038 /s41598-019-49417-1
Noroozi, J., Willner, W., Pauli, H. & Grabherr, G. 2014: Phytosociology and ecology of the high‐alpine to subnival scree vegetation of N and NW Iran (Alborz and Azerbaijan Mts.). -Applied Vegetation Science, 17(1): 142–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12031
Nowak, A., Nowak, S. & Nobis, M. 2020: The Pamir-Alai Mountains (Middle Asia: Tajikistan). In: Noroozi, J. (Ed.). Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia, Chapter 2. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_1
Nowak, S., Świerszcz, S., Nobis, M., Swacha, G. & Nowak, A. 2024: Chionophilous vegetation in the high alpine and subnival belts of the Pamir-Alai and western Tian Shan Mts. (Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan). -Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 93: 190173. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/190173
Onipchenko, V.G. 2004: Alpine plant communities: syntaxonomy, floristic composition and richness. In: Onipchenko, V.G. (Ed.). Alpine Ecosystems in the Northwest Caucasus, Chapter 29. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, pp. 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2383-5-4  
Palabaş Uzun, S. & Anşin, R. 2006: Subalpine and alpine flora of Altindere Valley (Maçka, Trabzon). -Turkish Journal of Botany, 30(5): 381–398. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/vol30/iss5/6/
Palabaş Uzun, S. & Uzun, A. 2017: Alpine and subalpine plant biodiversity of Turkey. In: Arapgirlioğlu, H., Atik, A., Elliott, R.L. & Turgeon, E. (Eds.). Researches on Science and Art in 21st Century Turkey, Vol. 2. Ankara, Turkey: Gece Publishing, pp. 2454–2466.
Pickering, C. 2014: Plant conservation in the snowy mountains in a changing climate. Report of a symposium on Australian alpine plant research, conservation and management. Canberra, Australia: Australian National Botanic Gardens, p. 17.
POWO. 2026: Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (Retrieved 25 February 2026).
Prameela, A., Krishnasamy, T. & Raja, R. 2026: Adaptive morphological traits of some Asteraceae species against herbivory and abiotic stressors. In: Sekaran, S. & Biju, C. (Eds.). Exploration and Innovation of Floristic Diversity for Sustainable Perspective, Vol. 1. Kerala, India: Sree Narayana College, pp. 46-50.
Rabizadeh, F., Bahadori, F. & Naseri, S. 2025: Floristic study of alpine plants of Nizwa Mountain, Semnan province. -Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 13(26): 198–225. https://pec.gonbad.ac.ir/article-1-1005-fa.pdf
Rajaei, R., Maassoumi, A.A., Mozaffarian, V., Nejad Sattari, T. & Pourmirzaei, A. 2011: Alpine flora of Hezar Mountain (SE Iran). -Rostaniha, 12(2): 111–127. https://doi.org/10.22092/botany.2012.101405
Rasray, B.A., Lone, S.A., Ahmad, R., Islam, T., Padalia, H. & Khuroo, A.A. 2026: Alpine flora of Kashmir Himalaya: floristic assessment, life history traits and threat status. -Nordic Journal of Botany, e04930. https://doi.org/10.1002/njb.04930
Rasray, B.A. & Showkeen, L. 2025: Alpine flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Floristic assessment, life history traits and threat status [Dataset]. -Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vmcvdnd4c
Raunkiaer, C. 1934: The Life Form of Plant and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 632 pp.
Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) 1963-2015: Flora Iranica, Nos. 1–181. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.
Saber Amoli, S., Asri, Y., Mozaffarian, V., Balali, Gh., Afsharzadeh, S. & Esmaili, R. 2021: Chorological and endemism analysis of the Central Alborz protected prea flora (Slopes of Welwesht, Dahla and Azadkouh). -Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 13(46): 27–56. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22108/ tbj.2021.127640.1155
Safavi, S.R. 2024: Defining the conservation status of the plant species and ecosystems of east regions of Tehran. Scientific Report. Tehran, Iran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands: 112 pp. (In Persian). National Project Name: Defining the conservation status of the plant species and ecosystems of Iran and publishing the red list of Iranian plants, Code: 0-09-09-035-951055, Project managers: Jalili, A. & Jamzad, Z.
Shaheen, H., Aziz, S., Nasar, S., Waheed, M., Manzoor, M., Siddiqui, M.H., Alamri, S., Marifatul Haq, S. & Bussmann, R.W. 2023: Distribution patterns of alpine flora for long-term monitoring of global change along a wide elevational gradient in the Western Himalayas. -Global Ecology and Conservation, 48(9): e02702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02702
Shen, Z., Yang, M., Feng, J., Li, X., Peng, P. & Zheng, Z. 2017: Geographic patterns of alpine flora in China in relation to environmental and spatial factors. -Biodiversity Science, 25(2): 182–194. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017014
Sun, H., Zhang, J., Deng, T. & Boufford, D.E. 2017: Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China. -Plant Diversity, 39(4): 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.004
Swacha, G., Świerszcz, S., Nowak, S., Nobis, M. & Nowak, A. 2023: Classification of alpine grasslands in the western Tian Shan Mountains (Kyrgyzstan, Middle Asia). -Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 92(1): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/169036
Takhtajan, A. 1986: Floristic regions of the world. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press: 522 pp.
Talebi, A., Vynokurov, D., Attar, F., Dengler, J. & Naqinezhad, A. 2024: Vegetation of the southern slopes of Mt. Damavand, Iran: a comprehensive phytosociological classification. -Vegetation Classification and Survey, 5: 301–328. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.136825
Tambe, S. & Rawat, G.S. 2010: The alpine vegetation of the Khangchendzonga landscape, Sikkim Himalaya: community characteristics, diversity and aspects of ecology. -Mountain Research and Development, 30(3): 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00058.1
Testolin, R., Attorre, F. & Jiménez-Alfaro, B. 2020: Global distribution and bioclimatic characterization of alpine biomes. -Ecography, 43(6): 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05012
Tiwari, A., Uprety, Y. & Kumar Rana, S. 2019: Plant endemism in the Nepal Himalayas and phytogeographical implications. -Plant Diversity, 41(3): 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019. 04.004
Tomar, S., Nautiyal, P., Puri, S., Kanwal, K.S. & Sekar, K.C. 2022. Impact of anthropogenic disturbances on alpine floristic diversity along the altitudinal gradient of the Northwestern Himalayas. -Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings, 22(1): 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECF2022-13093
Trunschke, J., Junker, R.R., Kudo, G., Alexander, J.M., Richman, S.K. & Till-Bottraud, I. 2024: Effects of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions and its multitrophic consequences. -Alpine Botany, 134(2): 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-024-00316-w
Utteridge, T.M.A. & Edwards, P.J. 2009: The subalpine and alpine flora of Mount Jaya (New Guinea): status and threats. -Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, 54(1-3): 280–286. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651909X476292
Wang, Y., Pedersen, J.L.M., Macdonald, S.E., Nielsen,
S.E. & Zhang, J. 2019: Experimental test of assisted migration for conservation of locally range-restricted plants in Alberta, Canada. -Global Ecology and Conservation, 17: e00572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00572
Welk, E. 2015:  Phytogeography of the Nepalese flora and its floristic links to neighbouring regions. In: Mehe, G. & Pendry, C. (Eds.). Nepal: An Introduction to the Natural History, Ecology and Human Environment of the Himalaya, Chapter 8. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, pp. 140–144.
White, F. & Léonard, J. 1991: Phytogeographical links between Africa and Southwest of Asia. -Flora et vegetatio Mundi, 9: 229–246.
XU, B., Li, Z.-M. & SUN, H. 2014: Plant diversity and floristic characters of the alpine subnival belt flora in the Hengduan Mountains, SW China. -Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 52(3): 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12037
Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Wen, Y. & Zhang, D. 2024: Geographic distribution and impacts of climate change on the suitable habitats of two alpine Rhododendron in southwest China. -Global Ecology and Conservation, 54: e03176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03176
Zhou, Q., Li, X., Wang, Y., Xin, Z., Musa, A. & Wang, L. 2023: Mesophytic and less-disturbed mountainous habitats are important for in situ conservation of rare and endangered plants. -Global Ecology and Conservation, 44: e02488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02488
Zhumadina, S., Abilova, S., Bulekbayeva, L., Tarasovskaya, N. & Zhumadilov, B. 2023: Anthropogenic impact on the components of the forest ecosystem: On the example of the Bayanaul State National Natural Park. -Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(4): 3937–3945. https://doi.org/10.15244/ pjoes/162053
Zohary, M. 1973: Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East. 2 Vols. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 765 pp.