The adaptability of Euphorbia gypsicola and Euphorbia bungei in gypsum soils of west Semnan, Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Farzanegan Campus, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

2 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

10.22092/ijb.2023.129428

Abstract

Euphorbia gypsicola (Euphorbiacea, sect. Pithyusa (is one of the six endemic gypsophyte species in the west of Semnan Province, Iran, and E. bungei (sect. Sclerocyathium) is native to the gravelly calcareous or gypseous slopes in southwest Asia. In this study, the adaptability of these two species and the effect of ecological factors on their morphological, anatomical, and micro-morphological characters in the gypseous habitats of West Semnan were investigated using CCA and RDA analytical methods, Canoco 4.5 software. The micromorphological investigations using SEM showed the surface of the leaf and stem of E. gypsicola has long hairs with an average length of 224.5 μm, and the surface of the leaf and stem of E. bungei is smooth and hairless. The size of stomatal guard cells in E. gypsicola leaves is 17.5 µm long and 10 µm wide on average, compared to E. bungei, with stomata 9 µm long and 3 µm wide, the stomata of E. gypsicola species are bigger and deeper. The presence of small and hairy leaves in E. gypsicola fleshy leaves in E. bungei (13.4 mm in average length and an average 3.8 mm width), as well as gypsum crystals in the leaves of E. gypsicola and in stems of E. bungei, are the factors, that help these two species to adapt to the hot desert climate condition of Semnan. Results indicated that the altitude had the highest effect on the abundance of E. gypsicola. The increase of Na and Mg content in the soil reduced the abundance of both species.

Keywords

Article Title [Persian]

سازش‌پذیری دو گونه فرفیون (Euphorbia gypsicola و Euphorbia bungei) در خاک‌های گچی غرب سمنان

Authors [Persian]

  • فاطمه ربیع‌زاده 1
  • اکرم نصیری 2
1 استادیار پردیس فرزانگان، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران
2 گروه علوم گیاهی، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران
Abstract [Persian]

گونه Euphorbia gypsicola از بخش Pithyusa یکی از شش گونه گچ‌دوست انحصاری غرب سمنان است و گونه E. bungei از بخش Sclerocyathium بومی جنوب‌غرب آسیا است و در شیب‌های گچی و یا آهکی ماسه‌ای رشد می‌کند. در این تحقیق، سازگاری این دو گونه و تأثیر عوامل اکولوژیکی بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی، تشریحی و میکرومورفولوژیکی آنها در رویشگاه‌های گچی غرب سمنان با استفاده از روش‌های تحلیلی CCA وRDA  در نرم‌افزار Canoco 4.5 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سطح برگ و ساقه E. gypsicola دارای کرک‌های بلند با طول متوسط 5/224 میکرومتر و سطح برگ و ساقه E. bungei صاف و بدون کرک است. اندازه سلول‌های نگهبان روزنه در برگ‌های E. gypsicola به طور متوسط به طول 5/17 میکرومتر و عرض متوسط 10 میکرومتر، در مقایسه با E. bungei ، با روزنه­‌هایی به طول متوسط 9 میکرومتر و به عرض متوسط 3 میکرومتر، روزنه­های گونه E. gypsicola بزرگتر و عمیق‌تر هستند. وجود برگ‌های کوچک و کرکی در گونهE.gypsicola و برگ‌های گوشتی در گونه E. bungee (به طول متوسط 4/13 میلی­متر و به عرض متوسط 8/3 میلی­متر) و همچنین حضور کریستال­های گچی در برگ E. gypsicola و در ساقه E. bungei باعث سازش‌پذیری این دو گونه به آب‌وهوای گرم و خشک سمنان شده است. فاکتور ارتفاع بیش‌ترین تأثیر مثبت را روی فراوانی گونه E. gypsicola دارد. افزایش غلظت سدیم و منیزیم باعث کاهش فراوانی هر دو گونه می‌شود.

Keywords [Persian]

  • Adaptation
  • ecological factors
  • Euphorbia bungei
  • Euphorbia gypsicola
  • gypsum habitat

References

Bahadur S., Ahmad M., Long W., Yaseen M., Hanif U. 2022: Leaf epidermal traits of selected Euphorbiaceae and Phyllanthaceae taxa of Hainan Island and their taxonomic relevance. -Diversity 14(10):881.
Barla A., Birman, H., Kultur, S., & Oksus., S. 2006: Secondary metabolites from Euphorbia helioscopia and their vasodepressor activity. -Turkish Journal of Chemistry 30(3): 325-332.
Boyadgiev T.G. 1974: Contribution to the knowledge of gypsiferous soils. -FAO, Rome.
Castillejo M.Á., Fernández-Aparicio, M., & Rubiales, D. 2012: Proteomic analysis by the two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) of the early response of Pisum sativum to Orobanche crenata. -Journal of experimental botany 63(1): 107-119.
Deng, C., Ma, X., Xie, M. and Bai, H., 2022. Effect of Altitude and Topography on Vegetation Phenological Changes in the Niubeiliang Nature Reserve of Qinling Mountains, China. Forests, 13(8), p.1229.
Eftekhari T. & Asadi, M. 2001: Identification and classification of gypsy flora in the west area of Semnan province. -Desert (Biaban) 6(2): 87-115. (In Persian)
Escudero A., Palacio, S., Maestre, F.T., & Luzuriaga, A.L.  2014: Plant life on gypsum: a review of its multiple facets. -Biological Reviews 90(1): 1-8.
Frodin D.G. 2004: History and concepts of big plant genera. -Taxon 53(3): 753-776.
Geltman D.V. 2015: Phytogeographical analysis of Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae). -Polish Botanical Journal 60(2): 147-161.
Ghahreman A. 1979–2006. Flora of Iran/Flore de l’Iran: Flora of Iran in natural colors, with text in Persian, English, and French. vols. 1-24. A joint project by the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (Iran) and Tehran University, Published by RIFR, Ministry of Jahad-e Agriculture. No.1545. code 055.001,023.
Gomez-Espinoza O., González-Ramírez D., Méndez-Gómez J., Guillén-Watson R., Medaglia-Mata A., Bravo L.A. 2021: Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Leaves of the Extremophile Plant Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. Caryophyllaceae). -Plants, 10: 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091787.
Govaerts R., Frodin, D.G., & Radcliffe-Smith, A. 2000: World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). vol. 2. -The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Horn J.W., van Ee, B.W., Morawetz, J.J., Riina, R., Steinmann, V.W., Berry, P.E., & Wurdack, K.SJ. 2012: Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). -Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63(2): 305-326.
Jafari M. & Tavili, A. 2012: Reclamation of arid lands. -University of Tehran Publications, Tehran. pp: 40-87.
Legendre, P. and Legendre, L., 2012. Numerical ecology. Elsevier.
Mobayen S. 1979. Rostanihaye Iran (Vascular plant flora), vol 2: 85-151. Tehran University Press, Tehran. (In Persian).
Nasseh Y., Nazarova, E., & Kazempour, S. 2018: Taxonomic revision and phytogeographic studies in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the Khorassan provinces of Iran. -Nordic Journal of Botany 36(5): njb-01413.
Pahlevani A.H. 2007: Notes on some species of the genus Euphorbia in Iran. -Rostaniha 8: 89-103.
Pahlevani A.H. 2017: Four new species of Euphorbia sect. Pithyusa (subgen. Esula, Euphorbiaceae) from SW Asia. -Phytotaxa 312: 83-93.
Pahlevani A.H., & Akhani, H. 2011: Seed morphology of Iranian annual species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). -Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 167(2): 212-234.
Pahlevani A.H., & Amini Rad, M. 2019: Two new alpine species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) from Iran. -Kew Bulletin 74(3): 49.
Pahlevani A.H., Feulner, M., Weig, A., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2017: Molecular and morphological studies disentangle species complex in Euphorbia sect. Esula (Euphorbiaceae) from Iran, including two new species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303(2): 139-164.
Pahlevani A.H., Liede-Schumann, S. & Akhani, H. 2020: Diversity, distribution, endemism and conservation status of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in SW Asia and adjacent countries. Plant Systematics & Evolution 306: 80.
Pahlevani A.H., Liede-Schumann, S., & Akhani, H. 2015: Seed and capsule morphology of the Iranian perennial species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its phylogenetic application. -Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 335-377.
Parsa, A., 1950. Lentibulariaceae in Flore de l’Iran vol. 4. 3-5. Ministre de l’Education, Tehran.
Rabizadeh F., Zare‐Maivan H, & Kazempour Sh. 2018: Endemic gypsophytes composition delimitated by soil properties and altitude: From calciphytes to halophytes in the south-central Alborz Ranges. -Nordic Journal of Botany 36(8): e01568.
Rabizadeh F., Zare-Maivan, H, & Kazempour Sh. 2019: Ecological-anatomical comparative adaptability of two gypsophylic Astragalus species
of gypsum soils. -Nova Biologica Reperta 6(2): 241-253. (In Persian)
Rechinger, K.H. & Schiman-Czeika, H. 1964. EuphorbiaL. Pp. 8–48. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.), Flora Iranica, Vol. 6. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
Riina R, Peirson, JA, Geltman DV, Molero J, Frajman B, Pahlevani A, Barres L, Morawetz J J, Salmaki Y, Zarre S, Kryukov A, Bruyns PV, Berry P E. 2013: A worldwide molecular phylogeny and classification of the leafy spurges, Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae). -Taxon 62(2): 316-342.
Salmaki Y., Zarre, S., Esser H. J., Heubl G. 2011: Seed and gland morphology in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) with focus on their systematic and phylogenetic importance, a case study in Iranian highlands. -Flora 206: 957-973.
Semnan Meteorology Organization, 2018: Analytical report of the general department of Semnan meteorology organization, Agricultural Yearbook 2017-2020. No 66. pp: 58. -Published by the Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization.
Sheidai M., Ghazei M., Pakravan M. 2010: Contribution to the cytology of the genus Euphorbia in Iran. -Cytologia 75(4): 477-482.
Sotoodehnia-Korani S., Iranbakhsh A., Ebadi M., Majd A., Oraghi Ardebili Z. 2020: Selenium nanoparticles induced variations in growth, morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, gene expression, and epigenetic DNA methylation in Capsicum annuum; an in vitro study. -Environ Pollut 265: 114727.
Steinmann V.W., Porter JM. 2002: Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. -Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89(4): 453-490.
Webster G.L. 1987: The saga of the spurges: a review of classification and relationships in the Euphorbiales. -Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 94(1-2): 3-46.
Webster G.L. 2014: Euphorbiaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.), the families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 11: 51-216. -Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
The Iranian Journal of Botany
Volume 29, Issue 1
June 2023
Pages 60-72

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 December 2022
  • Revise Date: 13 June 2023
  • Accept Date: 24 June 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics