Abid, R. & Zehra, N. 2007: Micromorphology of cypsela and its taxonomic significance of some genera in the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae) from Pakistan. -Pak. J. Bot. 39(5): 1407-1416.
Abid, R. & Qaiser, M. 2007: Cypsela morphology of the genus Anaphalis DC. (Gnaphalieae-Asteraceae) from Pakistan. -Pak. J. Bot. 39(6): 1897-1906.
Abid, R. & Qaiser, M. 2009: Taxonomic significance of the cypsela morphology in the tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. -Pak. J. Bot. 41(2): 555-579.
Abid, R. & Ali, N. 2010: Cypsela morphology and its taxonomic significance for the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) from Pakistan. -Pak. J. Bot. 42: 117-133.
Abid, R. & Alam, J. 2011: Taxonomic significance of cypsela morphology for the tribe Mutisieae (Asteraceae) from Pakistan. -Pak J. Bot. 43(2): 821-826.
Abid, R. & Qaiser, M. 2015: Cypsela morphology of Lactuca L. and its allied genera (Cichorieae-Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. -Pak. J. Bot. 47(5): 1937-1955.
Abid, R., Mehdi, S. M., Riaz, S., Kanwal, D., Imran, M. & Ather, A. 2022: Cypsela morphology and its taxonomic significance within the genus Scorzonera L. (Cichoreae-Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. -Pak. J. Bot. 54(6): 2219-2231.
Akhlaq, R., Abid, R., Perveen, A., & Khan, S.A. 2022: Taxonomic significance of cypselas morphology in the tribe Coreopsideae (Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. -Iran. J. Bot. 28(2): 113-127.
Angulo, M.B., Sosa, M.M. & Dematteis, M. 2015: Systematic significance of cypsela morphology in Lessingianthus (Vernonieae, Asteraceae). -Austr. Syst. Bot. 28(3): 173-189.
Arabi, Z., Ghahremaninejad, F., Rabeler, R.K. & Heubl, G. 2017: Seed micromorpho-logy and its systematic significance in tribe Alsineae (Caryophyllaceae). -Flora. 234: 41-59.
Ayaz, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Ali, M.I., Sultana, S., Mustafa, M.R.U.M., Cobanoglu, D.N., Demirpolat, A., Kilic, O., Ghani, A., Afza, R., Ahmed, K., Munir, M., Kalsoom, N. & Raza, J. 2020: Taxonomic significance of cypsela morphology in tribe Cichoreae (Asteraceae) using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. -Micro. research & tech. 83(3): 239-248.
Baldwin, B.G. 2009: Heliantheae alliance. In: Funk, V.A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T.F. & Bayer, R.J. (eds.): Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae. Vienna, Austria, -Intern. Associ. Pl. Tax. 689-711.
Basak, N. & Mukherjee, S.K. 2001: The morphology and anatomy of the cypselas of some species of Helianthus L. (Asteraceae-Heliantheae) and its taxonomic significance. -Nat. Bot. Soc. 55: 111-124.
Bentham, G. 1873: Notes on the classification, history and geographical distribution of the Compositae.
-Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 13: 355-577.
Blanca, G. & de la Guardia, C.D. 1997: Fruit morphology in Tragopogon L. (Compositae: Lactuceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. -Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 125(4): 319-329.
Bona, M. 2014: Achene characteristics of Turkish Centaurea (Asteraceae) and their systematic application. -Bangl. J. Bot. 43(2): 163-168.
Bona, M., Çiftçi, A., & Ekşi, G. 2023: Cypsela micro-macromorphological characteristics of selected taxa of Centaurea L. from Turkey and their systematic importance. -Adansonia 45(2): 27-39.
Bremer, K. 1994: Asteraceae Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon pp 210-253.
Cassini, H., King, H. & Dawson, H. W. 1819: Dictionaire de Sciences Naturelles, Paris. cited by King, R. & Dawson, H.W. 1975: Cassini on Compositae. Oriole Editions, New York.
Chen, Y.S. & Hind, D.J.N. 2011: Heliantheae. In: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) Flora of China Volume 20-21 (Asteraceae). Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). 852-878
Clarke, C.B. 1876: Compositae Indicae descriptae et secus genera Benthamii ordinatae. Thacker, Spink and Company.
Dassanayake, M.D., Fosberg, F.R. & Clayton, W.D. 1980: Flora of Ceylon. Amerind publishing Company PVT. Ltd, New Dehli, 1: 497-504
Davis, P.H. 1975: The flora of Turkey. Vol. 15 University Press, Edinburg. pp 43-49.
Fan, W., Fan, F., Peng, C., Zhang, Q., Wang, L., Li, L., Wang, J., Zhang, D., Peng, W. & Wu, C. 2019: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and taxicology of Xanthium strumarium L. -Molecules 24(2): 359-399.
Frangiote-Pallone, S. & de Souza, L.A. 2014: Pappus and cypsela ontogeny in Asteraceae: structural considerations of the tribal category. -Revista mexi. de biodi. 85(1): 62-77.
Garg, S.K. & Sharma, K.C. 2007: Taxonomical significance of the morphological and scanning electron microscopic surface patterns of cypselas in some members of the tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae). -Feddes Repertorium 118(5‐6): 165-191.
Heywood, V.H., Harborne, J.B. & Turner, B.L. 1977: Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae. Academic Press, London.
Hoseini, E., Ghahremaninejad, F., Assadi, M. & Edalatiyan, M. 2017: Seed micromorphology and its implication in subgeneric classification of Silene (Caryophyllaceae, Sileneae). -Flora 228: 31-38.
Hooker, J.D. 1881: Compositae. The Flora of British India 3(8): 219-419.
Jana, B.K., Auju, R. & Mukherjee, S.K. 2014: Diversity of cypselar features and their taxonomic significance in three species of the genus Centaurea, (Cardueae-Asteraceae). -Diver. & Cons. Pl. & Trad. Know. 233-240.
Karaismailoglu, M. 2015: Morphological and anatomical features of cypsela of some Crepis taxa (Asteraceae) from Turkey and their taxonomic importance. -Pak. J. Bot. 47(4): 1473-1480.
Karodpati, B.N. & Dhabe, A.S. 2013: Cypselar study of some representative taxa from tribe Heliantheae (asteraceae). -Bioinfolet-A Quarterly J. Life Sci. 10(4a): 1131-1134.
Khajepiri, M., Ghahremaninejad, F., & Mozaffarian, V. 2010. Fruit anatomy of the genus Pimpinella L. (Apiaceae) in Iran. -Flora 205(5): 344-356.
Mabberley, D.J. 2008: Mabberley's plant-book: A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses (No. Ed. 3). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. New York.
Marzinek, J. & Oliveira D.M. 2010: Structure and ontogeny of the pericarp of six Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) with ecological and taxonomic considerations. -Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 82(2): 279-291.
Mukherjee, S.K. & Sarkar, A.K. 2001: Morphology and structure of cypselas in thirteen species of the tribe Astereae (Asteraceae). -Phytomorphology 51(1): 17-26.
Ozcan, M. & Akinci, N. 2019: Micromorpho-anatomical fruit characteristics and pappus features of representative Cardueae (Asteraceae) taxa, Their systematic significance. -Flora 256: 16-35.
Panero, J.L. 2007a. Key to the tribes of the Heliantheae alliance. In: Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin. Vol. 8: 391-395
Panero, J.L. 2007b: Heliantheae. In: Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin. Vol. 8. 440-477.
Patel, S. 2011: Harmful and beneficial aspects of Parthenium hysterophorus: an update. -Biotechnology 1(1): 1-9.
Perveen, A. & Qaiser, M. 2021: Heliantheae. In: Ali, S.I. & Qaiser, M. (eds.) Fasicle Flora of Pakistan Asteraceae (V1) 224: 223-256. Centre for Plant Conservation, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Robinson, H.E. 1981: A revision of the tribal and subtribal limits of the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). Smithsonian contributions to botany.
Roque, N. & Funk, A.V. 2013: Morphological characters add support for some members of the basal grade of Asteraceae. -Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171(3): 568-586.
Roque, N., Keil, D.J. & Susanna, A. 2009: Illustrated glossary of Compositae. Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. Vienna, Austria. -Intern. Associ. Pl. Tax. (IAPT). 781-806.
Borisova, A.G., Bochantsev, V.P., Vasil-chenko, I.T., Golubkova, V.F., Gorshkova, S.G., Grubov, V.I., Kirpichnikov, M.E., Smol-yaninova, L.A.,
Tamainshyan, S.G., Tsveley, N.N., Tsvetkova, L.I. & Iuzepchuk, S.V. 1990: In: Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. XXV. Compositae. Shiva Offset Press, Dehra Dun, India.
Silva, T.D., Marzinek, J., Hattori, E.K., Nakajima, J.N. & De-Paula, O.C. 2018: Comparative cypsela
morphology in Disynaphiinae and implications for their systematics and evolution (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae). -Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 186(1): 89-107.
Strean, W.T. 1992: Botanical Latin: history, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary (4th ed.). Portland, Or.: Timber Pre.
)