Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
A NEW SPECIES OF BUPLEURUM (UMBELLlIFERAE) FROM GILAN PROVINCE, IRAN
83
85
EN
Valiollah
Mozaffarian
mozaffar@rifr-ac.ir
10.22092/ijb.2015.103629
A new species of the genus <em>Bupleurum</em> from Gilan provinceis described and illustrated. Morphological peculiarities are mentioned. The new species are compared with the closely related species
new species,Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,Gilan Province,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103629.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103629_db22a37efcf0939abdf1649977800829.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
NEW RECORD AND NEW COMBINATION OF CAREX L. FROM IRAN
86
90
EN
Mohammad
Amini Rad
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
aminirad2000@yahoo.co.uk
10.22092/ijb.2015.103630
During identification of the new collection of the Cyperaceous specimens from N. W. Iran, <em>Carex tristis</em> was identified and is reported as a new record for the flora of Iran. <em>Kobresia humilis</em> and <em>Carex medwedewii</em> are other interesting species among the collected materials. A new combination, <em>Carex popovii</em> subsp. <em>brunneola</em> (Kukkonen) Amini Rad is introduced. Morphological characteristics, habitats and distribution for each species are presented.
Cyperaceae,Carex,new combination,new record,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103630.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103630_39608cb552dc0f25533ab24bd80eae32.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CROTALARIA L. (PAPILIONACEAE) FROM SOUTH OF IRAN
91
93
EN
Mahmoud
Zaeifi
Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Hormozganan Province, Bandarabbas, Iran.
zaeifi_m@yahoo.com
10.22092/ijb.2015.103631
<em>Crotalaria assadii</em> Zaeifi is described from south of Iran. It is widely distributed along the coastal plains and dunes of Balouchestan and Hormozgan provinces and erroneously previously determined as <em>C. burhia</em> Buch. -Ham. ex Benth. in some herbaria. The new species differs from <em>C.</em> <em>burhia</em> in legume shape, size and indumentum as well as plant indumentum which will be described here.
Crotalaria,Papilionaceae,new species,Hormozgan province,Balouchestan Province,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103631.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103631_725f070a24e7f448a425da3c44c7cf44.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
A SHORT SURVEY ON THE GENUS ASTRAGALUS OF BOZGHOUSH MOUNTAIN
94
100
EN
Ali Asghar
Maassoumi
0000-0002-0134-4986
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands P. O. Box 13185-116.
maassoumi@rifr-ac.ir
Valiollah
Mozaffarian
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands P. O. Box 13185-116.
e. mail: mozaffar@rifr-ac.ir
Adel
Ramezani
Mountain Environment Protection Society (MEPS), Tehran, Iran.
adelramezani35@yahoo.com
10.22092/ijb.2015.103632
Two new species of <em>Astragalus</em> are described and illustrated, besides a checklist of about 75 <em>Astragalus </em>species collected from 33 different localities in Bozghoush chain Mountain are provided. The taxonomic characters of the new species are discussed and compared with the closely related species.
Bozghoush Mountain,checklist,Fabaceae,Astragalus,new species,Azarbaijan,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103632.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103632_ab17fa2e7892053473b941b4cbf10c81.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
A NEW RECORD OF THE GENUS VITIS (VITACEAE) FOR THE FLORA OF IRAN
100
102
EN
Mehri
Dinarvand
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
mehri.dinarvand@gmail.com
Hamid
Ejtehadi
0000-0002-6128-2481
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
hejtehadi@um.ac.ir
Mohammad
Jankju
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
mjankju@um.ac.ir
Bahram
Andarzian
Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Khuzestan, Iran.
bahramandarzian@yahoo.com
10.22092/ijb.2015.103633
The specimens of <em>Vitis hissarica </em>Vass. subsp. <em>rechingeri</em> Vass. <em> </em>were collected for the first time in Shimbar Pprotected Area in Khuzestan Province of Iran. This species is widely grown in wetland and is recorded for the flora of Iran. <em> </em>
Vitaceae,Vitis,new record,Shimbar protected area,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103633.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103633_071edb4a517e8fd94ec73f97e7faafc5.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
MICRO - MACRO MORPHOLOGY OF THE GENUS GEUM L. (ROSACEAE) IN IRAN AND THEIR TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
103
117
EN
Marzieh
Beigom Faghir
0000-0002-3886-714X
University of Guilan, Rasht.
marziehbeygomfaghir@gmail.com
Maryam
Armudian Moghaddam
University of Guilan, Rasht
Robabe
Shahi Shavvan
University of Tarbiat Modares, Tabriz, Iran.
10.22092/ijb.2015.103634
In the current survey, pollen, seed and fruit micro-morphological characters of the genus Geum L., comprising 5 species from two subgenera, <em>Orthostylus</em> Fisch & Mey. and <em>Geum</em> were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM). The pollen grains are monad, radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate, medium in size, elliptical (from equatorial view) and triangular to circular (from polar view) in outline, subprolate to prolate in shape. The exine ornamentation is striate with micro perforation. Seeds coat micro -morphology revealed two types of sculpturing (including sulcat-ribbed and sulcat-foveolate) and fruits morphological analysis showed the importance of joint position and hairs on the style, beak length and hook in this genus. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out using a total of 20 characters. The result supports current classifications and emphasizes the importance of micro- macro-morphologocal traits for separating the two subgenera and species of the genus. Based on the important distinguishing characters a key is presented.
Morphology,micro morphology,pollen,Seed coat,Fruit,Geum,Rosaceae
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103634.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103634_176c4adf4dcd67685a1f6ceb66eb7f3a.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
SILENE MISHUDAGHENSIS (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM IRAN
118
122
EN
Abbas
Gholipour
Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, 19395-4697, I.R.of Iran.
abbas.gholipuor@gmail.com
Neda
Parsa Khanghah
Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, 19395-4697, I.R.of Iran.
n.parsa89@yahoo.com
10.22092/ijb.2015.103635
<em>Silene mishudaghensis</em> (Caryophyllaceae) from the section <em>Auriculatae </em>is described as a new species from Northwest of Iran. The new species is distinguished from its closely related species, <em>S. araratica </em>and <em>S. longisepala</em> by the shape of basal and cauline leaves, the shape of calyx, the length of alar and lateral pedicel and seed features. <br />
new species,Silene,sect. Auriculatae,Flora,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103635.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103635_3bfbeba90cd0eec7d9cec4735ef77ca7.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
NEW NAMES AND NEW SYNONYMS OF ASTRAGALUS SPECIES
123
125
EN
Ali Asghar
Maassoumi
0000-0002-0134-4986
Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran-Iran.
maassoumi@rifr-ac.ir
10.22092/ijb.2015.103636
During checking the herbarium identified materials and consulting with existing data bases, four new names for the invalid names and 8 new synonyms were recognized which will be introduced.
Astragalus,new synonyms,new names,Flora,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103636.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103636_324b0d7098570094cd236044b0927b8d.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM L. (PAPILIONACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THE FLORA OF IRAN
126
128
EN
Mohammad Aref
Tabad
0000-0002-3572-8136
Department of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Kermanshah, Iran.
mohamadareftabad@gmail.com
Mostafa
Nemati
0000-0003-0427-5872
Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, P.O. Box. 67145-1661, AREO, Kermanshah-Iran.
paykanim@gmail.com
Nastaran
Jalilian
Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, P.O. Box. 67145-1661, AREO, Kermanshah-Iran.
njalilian@gmail.com
10.22092/ijb.2015.103637
<em>Trifolium incarnatum</em> L. is reported for the first time for the flora of Iran. It has been collected from Marivan area in Kurdistan province. This species belongs to the section <em>Trifoilium </em>anddistinguished from <em>T. sylvaticum</em> Gerard ex Loisel by the following characters: Dense, large head (about twice as much as the later one) and red flowers. Also it differs from <em>T. stellatum</em> L. by possessing larger leaflets, oblong heads (about two times longer than the later) and red flowers.
Trifolium incarnatum,crimson clover,new report,Kurdistan, Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103637.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103637_7c9a041c1cd49b80a818d050f42e64cc.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
PHYLLANTHUS TENELLUS (EUPHORBIACEAE), A NEW RECORD AND NATURALIZED SPECIES IN MAZANDARAN.
129
132
EN
Habib
Zare
Herbarium of Nowshahr Botanical Garden, Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Mazandaran.
hh.zare@gmail.com
Tayebeh
Amini Eshkevari
Herbarium of Nowshahr Botanical Garden, Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Mazandaran.
Mehrasa
Zare
, MSc. student of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran.
10.22092/ijb.2015.103638
<em>Phyllanthus tenellus </em>Roxb. was lately found as naturalized species in Mazandaran province. This report represents the first record of the species for the flora of Iran. It seems that it is introduced through exotic plants commerce and often distributed in the gardens, especially in the ornamental plants nurseries. Since ornamental plants imports started in a large scale in Iran less than 50 years ago. It is a small and herbaceous plant and is easily recognized by its very small flowers in axillary cymes on the branches and leaves thin and fragile produced on lateral shoots which resembling a compound leaves. <br />
Phyllanthus,Hyrcanian forests,new record,Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103638.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103638_3e0513b10b6903291dc7344ac366572e.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
TAXONOMIC IMPLICATION OF TRICHOMES ON PEDICELS AND SILICULES IN ALYSSUM L. (BRASSICACEAE) SPECIES IN IRAN
133
141
EN
Saeedeh Sadat
Mirzadeh Vaghefi
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Shahid Behashti University, Tehran, Iran,
mirzadeh@rifr-ac.ir
Mostafa
Assadi
Research Institute of Forest & Rangelands, P.O.Box. 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
masadi@rifr-ac.ir
Masoud
Sheidai
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Shahid Behashti University, Tehran, Iran
msheidai@sbu.ac.ir
10.22092/ijb.2015.103639
The trichomes of silicules and pedicels in 37 <em>Alyssum</em> species of Iran were studied. The shapes of trichomes vary from star-shape to simple and dendroid. The star-shape is the most common type. Section <em>Alyssum</em> has the most diversity in its trichomes. Some of species have two kinds of trichomes on their silicules. The form of trichome in some species like <em>A. hirsutum</em> and <em>A. heterotrichome</em> separate them from the other species. Therefore, the trichome shapes in <em>Alyssum</em> species can be used as a taxonomic tool to some extent.
trichome,silicule,diversity,Alyssum,Brassicaceae
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103639.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103639_27b2c63544067150bff68c23b4a3c2dc.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
LEAF ANATOMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME RARE AND ENDEMIC IRIS L. TAXA AND THEIR RELATIONS: SUBGENUS HERMODACTYLOIDES IN TURKEY
142
151
EN
Nezahat
Kandemir
Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Amasya University, Amasya, 05189 TURKEY.
10.22092/ijb.2015.103640
Leaf anatomical characters of eight <em>Iris</em> L. taxa were compared and their relations were determined.<em> Iris danfordiae</em>, <em>Iris celikii, Iris histrioides</em>, <em>Iris pamphylica</em> and <em>Iris histrio </em>ssp. <em>aintabensis</em> are endemic to Turkey. <em>Iris bakeriana</em>, <em>I. celikii</em>, <em>I. histrioides</em>, <em>I. pamphylica</em>, <em>I. histrio </em>ssp. <em>aintabensis</em> and<em> Iris histrio </em>ssp. <em>histrio </em>have limited distribution in Turkey. The differences were seen especially in the mesophyl layer of the leaves. Mesophyll of <em>I. reticulata </em>and <em>I. histrioides </em>have an unifacial ensiform structure. Whereas mesophyll of the other investigated taxa have a bifacial ensiform structure. Leaf outline structure of all taxa are quadrangular structure (excluding <em>I. bakeriana</em>-terete structure). In mesophyll of leaves, hexagonal crystals (<em>I. histrioides</em>, <em>I. danfordiae, I. bakeriana,</em> <em>I. histrio</em> ssp. <em>histrio</em>, <em>I. histrio</em> ssp. <em>aintabensis</em> and <em>I. pamphylica</em>) and crystalline granules (<em>I. reticulata</em>, <em>I. bakeriana</em>, <em>I. celikii</em>, <em>I. danfordiae,</em> <em>I. histrio </em>ssp.<em> histrio</em>, <em>I. histrio </em>ssp.<em> aintabensis</em> and <em>I. pamphylica</em>) were found. The layer number of spongy and palisade parenchyma also vary among taxa. In the leaf anatomic characters of <em>I. histrio </em>ssp.<em> histrio</em>, <em>I. histrio </em>ssp.<em> aintabensis</em>, significant differences were not obseved. Based on the above leaves anatomical characters, we suggest that (1) <em>I. reticulata</em> and<em> I. histrioides </em>should be independent species with close relationships; (2) ssp. <em>histrio </em>and ssp. <em>aintabensis</em> should be homonym of <em>I. histrio</em>, rather than of its subspecies; (3) <em>I. danfordiae</em>and <em>I. celikii</em> should be independent species with close relationships; (4)<em> I. pamphylica</em> and<em> I. bakeriana </em>are different species of the subgenus.
Iris taxa,rare endemics,leaf anatomy,Turkey
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103640.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103640_82cd82732e9826414543817f37625f46.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
KARYOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOME ONOPORDUM L. (ASTERACEAE) SPECIES IN IRAN
152
157
EN
Elham
Aghababaeyan
Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Sheikh-Bahaee Sq., Tehran, I. R. Iran.
aghababaeyan@yahoo.com
Maneezheh
Pakravan
Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Sheikh-Bahaee Sq., Tehran, I. R. Iran.
mpf176@yahoo.com
Akhtar
Tavassoli
Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Sheikh-Bahaee Sq., Tehran, I. R. Iran.
tavastars@yahoo.com
10.22092/ijb.2015.103641
The somatic chromosome numbers and karyotype of five species of <em>Onopordum </em>L.<em> (Asteraceae) </em>from Iran were investigated. Our results confirm that all of the species are diploid (2n=34). First chromosome reports are presented for <em>O. leptolepis</em> DC., <em>O. heteracanthum C. A. Mey.</em> and <em>O. carduchorum Bornm & Beauverd.</em> Besides, the chromosome numbers of O<em>. armenum Grossh.</em><em>, O. carduchorum</em> and <em>O. acanthium </em>L. are reported from Iran for the first time, confirm the previous reports. Karyotype formulae for <em>O. armenum</em>, <em>O. carduchorum </em>and<em> O. leptolepis </em>were similar (1Sm+16m)<em>,</em> for <em>O. heteracanthum</em> and <em>O. acanthium</em> were respectively 17m and 1M+16m+2B.Satellites were commonly found on submetacentric pairs, being also variable in morphology and location. <br /><em> </em>
Chromosome,Iran,Karyotype,Onopordum
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103641.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103641_b19d2f5338a8256929064492210338bc.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND KARYOTYPE FEATURES OF SELECTED SPECIES OF ALLIUM L. (AMARYLLIDACEAE) SECT. ACANTHOPRASON IN IRAN
158
164
EN
Azadeh
Akhavan,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 73441-81746, Isfahan, Iran.
aakhavan2007@yahoo.com
Hojjatollah
Saeidi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 73441-81746, Isfahan, Iran.
ho.saeidi@sci.ui.ac.ir
Shahin
Zarre
Department of Plant Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, School of Biology, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
zarre@khayam.ut.ac.ir
Mohammad Reza
Rahiminejad
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 73441-81746, Isfahan, Iran.
rahimi@iu.ac.ir
10.22092/ijb.2015.103642
Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 10 species of Allium section Acanthoprason collected from different localities in Iran are presented. Seven counts represent new reports. Chromosomal characteristics were determined using photographs complemented by statistical analyses. Our results show that the members of this section are diploid with homogeneous karyotypes characterized by the basic chromosome number of x = 8. The karyotypes are ±symmetrical composing mainly of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. <br />
Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum,karyology,Cytotaxonomy,phylogeny,flora of Iran
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103642.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103642_1dab0be6d1860da499ad1399ea73581b.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
CHROMOSOME REPORT OF THREE SPECIES OF FLORA OF IRAN
165
168
EN
Farzaneh Sadat
Ghasemi
Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands, P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
fghasemi@rifr-ac.ir
Adel
Jalili
Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands, P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
jalili@rifr-ac.ir
Saeede sadat
Mirzadeh Vaghefi
Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands, P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
mirzadeh@rifr-ac.ir
10.22092/ijb.2015.103643
Chromosome number and karyotype are determined for three species:<em> Scorzonera parviflora </em>(Asteraceae) (2n=14)<em> Silene noctiflora</em> (Caryophyllaceae) (2n=24) and <em>Ranunculus repens</em> (<em>Ranuncul</em>aceae) (2n=32). Idiogram was prepared for each species. Symmetrical karyotypes were class 1A in<em> Scorzonera parviflora</em>, class 2A in<em> Silene noctiflora </em><em>and</em> class 2B in<em> Ranunculus repens.</em>Karyotype formula were 7m in<em>Scorzonera parviflora</em>, 8m+ 4sm in<em> Silene noctiflora</em> and 13sm+3m in <em>Ranunculus</em> <em>repens</em>.
Karyotype,Cytology,Compositae,Caryophyllaceae,Ranunculaceae,Asia
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103643.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103643_550c932278d87188269feaf1b1e23df6.pdf
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
The Iranian Journal of Botany
1029-788X
2383-1685
21
2
2015
12
22
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AMONG FOUR SECTIONS OF GENUS DENDROBIUM SW. (ORCHIDACEAE) BASED ON LOW COPY NUCLEAR GENE (XDH) SEQUENCES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
169
178
EN
Maryam
Moudi
Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran.
maryammoudi@birjand.ac.ir
Rusea
Go
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia & Institute of Tropical Forestry & Forest Products, University Putra Malaysia
10.22092/ijb.2015.103644
The present study focused on the molecular phylogeny of the four sections (<em>Aporum, Crumenata, Strongyle, </em>and<em> Bolbidium</em>) of genus <em>Dendrobium </em>SW. (Orchidaceae) based upon low copy nuclear gene, Xanthine Dehydrogenase (<em>Xdh</em>) sequences using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) methods. Single and low copy nuclear genes have been increasingly used in phylogenetic reconstruction because they contain large amounts of genetic information and are biparentally inherited. Classifications based on morphological characters have not been able to clearly divide these four sections and neither do they support their monophyletic origins. Therefore, detailed analysis using molecular data is required to ascertain their status. This study includes 20 species of genus <em>Dendrobium </em>and 2 species from genus <em>Bulbophyllum</em> (section <em>Sestochilus</em>) as outgroup taxa. According to the results, the aligned sequences consisted of 733 nucleotide characters of which 131characters were parsimony informative. The analysis revealed that the nuclear genes can be reliable marker for the phylogenetic study of genus <em>Dendrobium</em>. The results suggested that the four sections are probably best considered as one section instead of four and based on the International code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) rules can be named as section <em>Aporum</em> for this new classification.
Dendrobium,Orchidaceae,low copy nuclear gene,Xdh,monophyly,phylogeney
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103644.html
https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_103644_6ae4ee72fc12b6b580983b9e5421d1e4.pdf